Envy in the workplace: a systematic review of the past five years / Inveja no local de trabalho: uma revisão sistemática dos últimos cinco anos / Envidia en el lugar de trabajo: una revisión sistemática de los últimos cinco años

In recent years, interest in studying envy at work has grown. Based on a previous review on envy and jealousy at work, the objective of this paper is to review and systematize the knowledge about this topic provided by empirical research in the past five years. After the search in scientific databases, establishing exclusion and inclusion criteria and literature coding, 32 papers were selected. The results show researchers' growing interest in studying benign envy and its consequences and exploring new variables to explain envy in the workplace. Social comparison theory and cognitive appraisal theory are the two main theoretical frameworks used in the studies reviewed. The role of the leader is essential in envy's appearance, and envy is usually related to dysfunctional results. This study provides researchers with a basis for designing future studies and creating intervention strategies to mitigate envy at work.

Nos últimos anos, cresceu o interesse em estudar a inveja no trabalho. Com base em uma revisão anterior sobre a inveja e o ciúme no trabalho, o objetivo deste artigo é revisar e sistematizar o conhecimento sobre o tema proporcionado por pesquisas empíricas nos últimos cinco anos. Após a busca nas bases de dados científicas, estabelecimento de critérios de exclusão e inclusão e codificação da literatura, foram selecionados 32 artigos. Os resultados mostram o crescente interesse dos pesquisadores em estudar a inveja benigna e suas consequências e explorar novas variáveis ​​para explicar a inveja no local de trabalho. A teoria da comparação social e a teoria da avaliação cognitiva são os dois principais referenciais teóricos usados ​​nos estudos revisados. O papel do líder é essencial no surgimento da inveja, e a inveja geralmente está relacionada a resultados disfuncionais. Este estudo fornece aos pesquisadores uma base para projetar estudos futuros e criar estratégias de intervenção para mitigar a inveja no trabalho.

En los últimos años ha aumentado el interés por estudiar la envidia en el trabajo. A partir de una revisión previa sobre la envidia y los celos en el trabajo, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar y sistematizar el conocimiento sobre este tema proporcionado por la investigación empírica en los últimos cinco años. Tras la búsqueda en bases de datos científicas, estableciendo criterios de exclusión e inclusión y codificación de la literatura, se seleccionaron 32 artículos. Los resultados muestran el creciente interés de los investigadores por estudiar la envidia benigna y sus consecuencias y explorar nuevas variables para explicar la envidia en el lugar de trabajo. La teoría de la comparación social y la teoría de la evaluación cognitiva son los dos principales marcos teóricos utilizados en los estudios revisados. El papel del líder es esencial en la aparición de la envidia, y la envidia suele estar relacionada con resultados disfuncionales. Este estudio proporciona a los investigadores una base para diseñar estudios futuros y crear estrategias de intervención para mitigar la envidia en el trabajo.

Hepatitis B virus X protein: The X factor in chronic hepatitis B virus disease progression

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most common aetiological factor causing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx gene plays an enigmatic role in HBV-related HCC. In this study we have analysed amino acid substitutions in HBx from HBV-infected individuals of different clinical stages. Materials and Methods: HBV-infected individuals (n = 93) were recruited in the study. DNA was extracted from plasma, amplified, and DNA sequencing was performed using specific primers targeting HBx gene (540 bp). Results: Among the study participants, 57% had chronic HBV infection, 30% had chronic liver disease (CLD) and 13% had HBV related HCC. Genotypes such as D1, D2, D3, A1, C2 and B2 were identified of which genotype D2 was predominant (78%). HBxC-terminal deletion was observed in four hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative participants with CLD. The frequency of aminoacid substitution in proapoptotic domain was higher in HBeAg negative participants including I127V (34%), K130M (34%), V131I (40%). The frequency of double mutation (K130M+V131I) and triple mutation (I127V+K130M+V131I) were found to be higher (32% and 36%) in HBeAg negative participants. Also, we identified L5M substitution (4.3%) in HBeAg positive participants with advanced liver disease. Conclusion: In HBx gene, aminoacid substitutions at positions 127, 130, 131 are associated with poor expression of HBeAg. We suggest screening for HBx aminoacid substitutions especially in patients with HBeAg negative chronic HBV infection to predict the clinical outcome and enable early treatment to prevent disease progression.

Characteristics of treatment-naïve HBV-infected individuals with HIV-1 coinfection: A cross-sectional study from South India

Purpose: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection has become a major health problem across the globe. The increased life expectancy of HIV-1 patients due to antiretroviral therapy has led to the emergence of liver disease as a major mortality factor among them. The purpose of the study was to examine the baseline characteristics of HBV in treatment-naïve HBV/HIV coinfection from southern India compared to monoinfected individuals. Materials and Methods: The study was cross sectional in design, and samples were examined from 80 HIV-1, 70 HBV and 35 HBV/HIV-coinfected individuals using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry assays. Results: There was a significant increase in HBV DNA (P = 0.0001), higher hepatitis B e antigen percentage difference (P = 0.027) and lower CD4 counts (P = 0.01) among the HBV/HIV-coinfected individuals, but no difference in the HIV-1 viral load compared to HIV-1-monoinfected individuals. Also, the aspartate aminotransferase levels, prothrombin time and the international normalised ratio were significantly high among coinfected individuals. Conclusion: These findings conclude that HIV-1 coinfection can have serious implications on the outcome of HBV-related liver disease. To the contrary, HBV infection had no consequence on the progression of HIV-1 disease but distinctly lowered CD4+ T-cells.

Evaluation of dried blood spots as a feasible alternative to plasma for the detection and quantification of hepatitis c virus in a tropical setting: A pilot study

Introduction: Confirmatory diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (HCV RNA detection) is essential before start of the therapy. HCV RNA detection is not available in many parts of India. Shipment of plasma from distant places to referral laboratories may affect HCV RNA titres. Dried blood spots (DBS) provide an easy alternative for transporting samples to centres where HCV RNA testing is done. Aim: Evaluation of DBS as a feasible alternative to plasma for HCV diagnosis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 40 consecutive patients' blood samples were collected from patients referred from the Liver Clinic. Whole blood was spotted onto two Whatman 903TM cards. One card was incubated at ?37癈 and other at 4癈 for 15 days, after drying. DBS was eluted and run in Abbott RealTime HCV assay. HCV was also quantified using the Abbott ARCHITECT HCV core antigen assay for 29 of the study patients. Results were compared with normal plasma values. Results: The median log HCV RNA value (in log10IU/mL) of plasma was 5.74, with normalised DBS it was 4.92 (?37癈) and 4.66 (4癈); difference in plasma and DBS median log values was 0.82 (?37癈) and 1.08 (4癈) logs, respectively. Interclass correlation values were 0.943, P < 0.0001 (?37癈) and 0.950, P < 0.0001 (4癈), showing high agreement. The median HCV core antigen value (in fmol/L) for plasma was 325.35, whereas it was 4.77 (?37癈) and 4.64 (4癈) for DBS samples. Conclusions: DBS can be used for sampling patients from distant resource-limited settings as an alternative to plasma for HCV RNA estimation. Larger studies are required to evaluate the feasibility of DBS in the Indian subcontinent, especially for HCV core antigen estimation.

Expanded diagnostic approach to hepatitis E virus detection in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: A pilot study

Introduction: Acute decompensation of pre-existing chronic liver disease (CLD), known as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), is associated with high mortality. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a potential cause was studied. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the role of HEV in ACLF patients using an IgM anti-HEV antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), HEV antigen ELISA, and a quantitative HEV polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Materials and Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, blood samples were collected from 50 ACLF (cases) as defined by the standard guidelines (APASL, 2014) and 50 patients with stable CLD (controls) from January 2015 to August 2016, after obtaining informed consent. Two IgM ELISAs (MP Diagnostics HEV IgM ELISA 3.0, Singapore and Wantai HEV IgM ELISA, Beijing, China) were compared using plasma from cases and controls. In addition, an HEV antigen detection by ELISA (Wantai, Beijing, China) and a real-time PCR for quantification of HEV RNA in plasma and stool were employed. Results: Ethanol was the leading cause of acute insult in ACLF (54%) cases. HEV infection accounted for 20% of cases. Ten ACLF patients (20%) had 1–3 markers of HEV versus two (4%) among controls (P = 0.0138). Among ACLF cases, one had HEV viraemia (403 IU/ml), faecal shedding (2790 IU/ml) and detectable HEV antigenaemia. Agreement between the two anti-HEV IgM ELISAs was 0.638 (kappa value). Conclusion: This study shows that alcohol is a major contributing factor for both underlying CLD and ACLF while HEV is the most common infectious cause for ACLF, suggesting a need for a vaccination in such patients, whenever made available.

Association of interleukin‑28B rs12979860 and rs8099917 polymorphisms with sustained viral response in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 and 3 infected patients from the Indian subcontinent.

Background: Polymorphisms of the IL28B gene (rs12979860 and rs8099917) have been shown to impact treatment responses in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients. The association of these polymorphisms with sustained viral response (SVR) has been studied in HCV genotype 3 infected patients in India, but not in genotype 1. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the association of IL28B gene polymorphisms and other host and viral factors with treatment response in patients with HCV genotype 1 and 3 infection. Materials and Methods: DNA from 42 HCV‑infected patients on antiviral therapy was analysed for the IL28B polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction‑restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‑RFLP). Bidirectional sequencing was performed on a subset of samples for verification of PCR‑RFLP results. Information on age, weight, height, diabetic status, pre‑treatment viral load and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels was obtained from clinical records. The IL28B genotypes and the other factors were analysed for their association with SVR. Results: The frequency distribution of rs12979860 CC/CT/TT genotypes was found to be 66.7%, 26.2% and 7.1%, respectively. For rs8099917 genotype, the TT/GT/GG distribution was 73.8%, 21.4% and 4.8%, respectively. SVR was seen in 61.9% of cases (55.6% in genotype 1 and 62.5% in genotype 3). CC genotype at rs12979860 and TT genotype at rs8099917 were significantly higher in responders (P = 0.013 and 0.042, respectively). Lower baseline ALT and rapid viral response were also found to be associated with SVR. On logistic regression analysis, CC genotype at rs12979860 emerged as the most powerful predictor of treatment response. Conclusion: IL28B polymorphisms are strong predictors of SVR in patients from the Indian subcontinent infected with HCV genotype 3 and genotype 1.

Mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus: A cause for concern.

Mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important public health issue. India introduced HBV vaccine in 10 states as part of its Universal Immunization Program (UIP). Here we show evidence of mother-to-child transmission of HBV in three families from Jharkhand and Bihar states where HBV vaccination is not yet included in the UIP. This report illustrates the need for active screening of HBV in pregnant women and implementation of HBV vaccine across all states in India to reduce the burden of disease.

Prevalence of non-responsiveness to an indigenous recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: A study among South Indian health care workers in a tertiary hospital.

Background and Aim: Health care workers (HCW) are at higher risk of contracting HBV infection. Non-response to HBV vaccine is one of the major impediments to prevent healthcare associated HBV infection (HAHI). We estimated the prevalence of non-responsiveness to initial 3-dose regimen of an indigenous recombinant HBV vaccine (GeneVac-B) among South Indian HCWs and typed the HLA in non-responders. Study Design and Method: Of the 778 subjects screened over 1 year, 454 completed all three doses of the hepatitis B vaccination. Anti-HBs titers were estimated by microparticle enzyme immunoassay AxSYM AUSAB, (Abbott, Germany). HLA typing was done using SSP-PCR assay AllSet+™ Gold SSP (Invitrogen, USA). Results: The overall seroconversion rate (anti-HBs > 10 mIU/mL) was 98.89% wherein 90.8% had titers >1000mIU/mL, 7.6% had titers 100–1000mIU/mL, 0.43% had titers < 100 mIU/mL and 1.1% were non-responsive (<10 mIU/mL) to the initial 3-dose regimen. Antibody titers <1000 mIU/mL were signifi cantly associated with the highest quartile of body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001). We found no signifi cant difference in seroprotection rate between gender (P = 0.088). There was no difference in seroprotection rates among various ethnic groups (P = 0.62). Subjects who were non-responsive in our study had at least one HLA allele earlier known to be associated with non-responsiveness to the vaccine. Conclusion: Our fi ndings suggest that non-response to HBV vaccine is not a major impediment to prevent HAHI. Robust seroprotection rates can be achieved using this indigenous HBV vaccine. However, gender and BMI might infl uence the level of anti-HBs titers. We recommend the use of this cost effective HBV vaccine as well as postvaccination anti-HBs testing to prevent HAHI among HCWs.

Antiviral efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B subjects from Indian subcontinent.

Adefovir is one of the therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. A total of 30 adefovir-experienced subjects with the median treatment duration of 12 (interquartile range (IQR) 6-18) months were studied. Virological response was measured by hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV DNA) levels. HBV reverse transcriptase (rt) domains were sequenced for the identifi cation of resistance mutations. Among the 30 subjects, two (7%) showed virological response and 19 (63%) were non-responders. The virological response for the remaining nine (30%) subjects was not determined. On sequence analysis, two subjects were identifi ed with rtI169L and rtA181V mutation after 9 months and 18 months of adefovir treatment, respectively. Though the frequencies of adefovir resistance mutations are low, a large majority of subjects showed non-response. Therefore, adefovir in the management of HBV should be used judiciously.

Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in the Indian sub-continent: A decade-long experience from a tertiary care hospital in South India.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) that can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Genotypes of HCV can vary in pathogenicity and can impact on treatment outcome. Objectives: To study the different genotypes among patients with HCV related CLD attending a tertiary care hospital in south India during 2002-2012. Study Design: Study subjects were those referred to clinical virology from the liver clinic. Genotyping was performed using the genotype specifi c core primers in nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 5′ non-coding regions based PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism and NS5B sequencing methods. With the latter method, obtained sequences were compared with published GenBank sequences to determine the genotype. Results: Of the 451 samples tested, HCV genotype 3 was found to be the most predominant (63.85%). Other genotypes detected were genotype 1 (25.72%), genotype 2 (0.002%), genotype 4 (7.5%) and genotype 6 (2.7%). Genotype 3 was the common genotype in patients from Eastern India while genotype 1 and 4 were mainly seen in South Indian patients. Genotype 6 was seen exclusively in patients from North-Eastern India. Two other patients were infected with recombinants of genotype 1 and 2. Conclusions: In this study spanning a decade, HCV genotype 3 and genotype 1 were found to be the predominant genotypes in the Indian sub-continent. Genotype 4 and genotype 6 appeared to show some geographic restriction. A continued monitoring of HCV genotypes is essential for the optimum management of these chronically infected patients. In addition, knowledge of circulating genotypes could impact on future vaccine formulations.

La edad y el sexo en la orientación a la comparación social / The age and sex in the social comparison orientation

La Orientación a la Comparación Social (OCS) es la disposición personal de los individuos propensos a la comparación social. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la OCS en distintas edades en hombres y mujeres. La hipótesis principal es que la media en OCS es mayor en los rangos de edades menores y desciende a medida que aumenta la edad. Participaron 2757 personas, entre los 10 y 88 años de edad, de la ciudad de Antofagasta, que fueron evaluadas con el cuestionario INCOM - E. Los resultados indican una disminución significativa en la media de la OCS a medida que aumenta la edad de los rangos. Se encuentra también que la media en OCS es significativamente mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres. Los alcances de este estudio abren paso a nuevas líneas de investigación como las implicancias de las construcciones de género en la OCS.

The Social Comparison Orientation (SCO) is the personal disposition of individuals prone to social comparison. The aim of this study was to analyze the SCO at different ages in men and women. The main hypothesis is that the average is higher in SCO younger age ranges and decreases as age increases. Participants 2757 people between 10 and 88 years of age in the city ofAntofagasta, which were assessed with a questionnaire INCOM - E. The results show a significant decrease in the mean SCO with increasing age ranges. It is also found that the average SCO is significantly higher in men than in women. The scope of this study open up new lines of research and the implications of gender constructions in the SCO.

Infection with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 - Experience of a tertiary health care centre in south India.

To analyse the response rate and the predictive values of virological, biochemical and histological factors on HCV antiviral therapy in HCV genotype 3 infected patients, we retrospectively studied 21 HCV genotype 3 infected patients, who underwent HCV antiviral therapy. Low (57%) sustained viral response (SVR) rate and significant association of SVR with normalization of alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were observed in our study. Absence of early viral response (EVR) showed high (80%) predictive value on SVR. Absence of EVR and normalisation of the ALT levels can predict the outcome of HCV antiviral therapy.

Hantavirus species in India : A retrospective study.

Hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Europe and Asia. There are about 20 documented hantavirus species and newer species are being described worldwide, especially in non-rodent reservoirs, i.e shrews. Focus reduction neutralization test is the classical serotyping technique for hantavirus. However, this study employs a previously established serotyping ELISA, to retrospectively analyze known hantavirus IgG reactive samples for infecting serotypes. The result suggests presence of Thailand virus- like and Hantaan virus -like strains in India.

Hantavirus infection: A case report from India.

The clinical presentation of hantavirus infections in India is unclear. We report here a case of hantavirus infection in a 46 year old quarry worker presenting with fever, abdominal pain, jaundice, thrombocytopenia and renal dysfunction. Seroconversion and rising anti-hantavirus IgG titers were taken as evidence of hantavirus infection. Clinicians should consider hantavirus infections in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile illness along with scrub typhus, leptospirosis and dengue.

Bile duct stricture due to caused by portal biliopathy: treatment with one-stage portal-systemic shunt and biliary bypass.

Portal biliopathy is a rare complication of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Jaundice occurs in symptomatic patients with fi brotic strictures. Short-term improvement in such patients can be achieved with endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography with balloon dilatation and stent placement. Surgery in these patients is traditionally two staged. We report the results of a one-stage procedure combining non-selective portal-systemic shunt surgery with biliary bypass, performed successfully on a 24-year-old man with a tight biliary stricture resulting from portal biliopathy. At 18-month follow up, the patient shows he is doing well, with normal liver function tests.

An unusual seroconversion profile in a pregnant woman infected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1: need for using later generations HIV screening assays.

The first HIV-1 marker that appears in blood following infection is HIV-1 RNA and usually the load is in millions of copies/ ml preceding seroconversion. A 24-year-old pregnant woman, gravida 2, parity 1 was tested for HIV as part of antenatal screening. Three samples were collected and tested from this individual over a period 70 days. The HIV-1 RNA level during seroconversion phase was very low, contrary to the well understood natural history of HIV infection. The reactivity rate in the ELISA and the Western Blot profile showed a gradual increase over the 70 days with a weak reactivity in a second generation assay (detects IgG only) for the third sample. This case illustrates the uncertainties regarding the serological window period in HIV infection and the need to use at least a third generation assay in testing centres for early detection of HIV infection.

An evaluation of saliva as an alternative to plasma for the detection of hepatitis C virus antibodies.

PURPOSE: Seroepidemiological studies on the prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in India have been hampered by reluctance of subjects to provide blood samples for testing. We evaluated the use of saliva as an alternate specimen to blood for the detection of antibodies to HCV. METHODS: Chronic liver disease (CLD) patients attending the liver clinic were recruited for this study. A saliva and plasma sample (sample pair) was collected from each patient included in the study. Saliva samples were collected using a commercially available collection device--OmniSal. Sample pairs were tested with an in-use ELISA for the detection of antibodies to HCV (HCV-Ab), with a minor modification in the manufacturer's protocol while testing saliva. The cut-off absorbance value for declaring a sample as positive was determined by receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. HCV-Ab positivity in saliva was compared with that in plasma as well as with viral load in plasma and infecting genotype of the virus. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and correlation coefficients were calculated using Medcalc statistical software. RESULTS: The optimal accuracy indices were: sensitivity-81.6%; specificity-92.5%; PPV-85.1% and NPV-90.5%. No correlation was found between salivary positivity and HCV viral load in plasma or infecting genotype. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy indices indicate that the assay must be optimized further before it can be recommended for routine use in epidemiological surveys for HCV-Ab.

An overview of human papillomaviruses and current vaccine strategies.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The viral origin of cervical cancer has been proven beyond any reasonable doubt. Persistent infection with certain subsets of human papillomaviruses is recognized as a necessary cause for the development of cervical cancer. Persistence of oncogenic HPVs, immunodeficiency, high HPV viral load and cofactors like smoking, multiple sex partners and poor nutrition predispose to cervical cancer. Prophylactic vaccines using HPV virus-like particles containing capsid protein L1 have shown protection against disease in animals and are currently undergoing clinical trials. Therapeutic vaccines using HPV E6 and E7 proteins are also being investigated for their ability to remove residual infection.